## The Jordan-Wigner transformation in Python

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Hamiltonians on one dimensional chains provide a good sanity check when trying out new numerical methods. The Jordan-Wigner transform is an easy way to obtain the eigenvalues of systems of fermions. For an annihiliation operator $$, the transform is defined as $$, where $$ is the Pauli operator along the $$ axis, and $$ is the operator $$ acting on site $$.

The series of Kronecker products would be an ideal application of a nest function, but Python does not have such a function built in. Instead, we define a recursive function to get the desired Kronecker product:

In [1]:
import numpy as np

def nested_kronecker_product(a):
if len(a) == 2:
return np.kron(a[0],a[1])
else:
return np.kron(a[0], nested_kronecker_product(a[1:]))


With this function, the transform is easy to define. We pad the transform with identity operators to match the lattice length:

In [2]:
def jordan_wigner_transform(j, lattice_length):
sigma = np.array([[0, 1], [0, 0]])
sigma_z = np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]])
I = np.eye(2)
operators = []
for k in range(j):
operators.append(sigma_z)
operators.append(sigma)
for k in range(lattice_length-j-1):
operators.append(I)
return -nested_kronecker_product(operators)


Now we can get our transformed fermionic operators:

In [3]:
lattice_length = 4
a = []
for i in range(lattice_length):
a.append(jordan_wigner_transform(i, lattice_length))


Next we define a Hamiltonian of interest, namely spinless fermions on an open chain:

$}\left(c_{r}^{\dagger} c_{s}+c_{s}^{\dagger} c_{r}-\gamma(c_{r}^{\dagger} c_{s}^{\dagger}+c_{s}c_{r} )\right)-2\lambda\sum_{r}c_{r}^{\dagger}c_{r}, ]]>$

where $$ and $$ indicate neighbors on the chain. The Python definition of this Hamiltonian is

In [4]:
def hamiltonian(gam, lam, a, lattice_length):
H = 0
for i in range(lattice_length - 1):
H += a[i].T.dot(a[i+1]) - a[i].dot(a[i+1].T)
H -= gam*(a[i].T.dot(a[i+1].T) - a[i].dot(a[i+1]))
for i in range(lattice_length):
H -= 2*lam*(a[i].dot(a[i].T))
return H


Here we observed the fermionic canonical commutation relations and performed substitutions. To get the eigenvalues for a particular parameter combination, we write

In [5]:
gam, lam =1, 1
H = hamiltonian(gam, lam, a, lattice_length)
eigenvalues = np.linalg.eig(H)[0]
sorted(eigenvalues)

Out[5]:
[-8.7587704831436479,
-8.0641777724759276,
-6.7587704831436497,
-6.0641777724759232,
-5.694592710667723,
-5.0000000000000036,
-4.9999999999999991,
-4.3054072893322797,
-3.6945927106677212,
-3.0000000000000004,
-2.9999999999999991,
-2.3054072893322788,
-1.9358222275240897,
-1.241229516856365,
0.064177772475912706,
0.75877048314363438]